Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness and Translations:E2/2/en: Difference between pages
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| Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by a number of neurotransmitters, as well as neuromodulators within specific brain regions1.
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| ==Physiology==
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| The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications.
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| ===State-specific discharge patterns===
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| Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:
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| *Wake-On (/REM-Off)
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| *Wake-On/ REM-On
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| *REM-On
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| *NREM-On
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| ===State-specific transmitter secretion===
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| In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release.
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| Monoamines (here: serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine): Densest release during wakefulness.
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| Acetylcholine: Densest release during both wakefulness and REM sleep.
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| GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM sleep.
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| ===Neurotransmitters regulating behavioral states===
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| ====Wakefulness====
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| Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA)
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| ====NREM====
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| GABA, Adenosine
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| ====REM ====
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| Acetylcholine, GABA
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| The neurotransmitter GABA has brain region specific effects on behavioral states.
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| GABA in the [[pontine reticular formation]] promotes sleep and decreases wakfulness, by inhibiting the secretion of acetylcholine, which promotes Rem-sleep.
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| However, neurons activated by GABA in the basal forebrain fire the fastest during NREM sleep, and is NREM promoting.
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| Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NREM sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep.
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| ===Models===
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| In order to comprehend the mechanisms better, conceptual models of sleep-wake regulation have been created. In addition to the conceptualised models, mechanical models co-exist, that aim to describe the underlying physiology of the mechanisms in more detail.
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| ====Two-process model of sleep====
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| The two-process model of sleep is a conceptual model that aims to relate the behavioral state regulation to two main procedures. Process-S describes the increasing homeostatic pressure, the more time spent awake (Adenosine-alertness hypothesis link) . Process C describes the circadian framework in which sleep can occur.
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| ====Model1====
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| ====Model2====
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| ====Model3====
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Revision as of 00:27, 30 December 2020
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