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| Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by a number of neurotransmitters, as well as neuromodulators within specific brain regions1.
| | Esse cronograma também é bom para pessoas que dividem a cama ou quarto com outra pessoa. Não é muito difícil encontrar um horário de dormir ou acordar que corresponda a uma pessoa monofásica, se eles concordarem com um horário de sono ou vigília consistente. |
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| ==== Physiology ====
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| The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications.
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| ===== State-Specific Discharge Patterns: =====
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| Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:
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| * Wake-On (/Rem-Off)
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| * Wake-On/ Rem-On
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| * Rem-On
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| * NRem-On
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| ===== State-Specific Transmitter Secretion =====
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| In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release.
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| Monoamines (here: serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine): Densest release during wakefulness.
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| Acetylcholine: Densest release during both wakefulness and Rem-sleep
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| GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep.
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| ===== Summarizing Neurotransmitters regulating the Behavioral States: =====
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| ====== Wakefulness ======
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| Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA)
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| ====== NREM ======
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| GABA, Adenosine
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| ====== REM ======
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| Acetylcholine, GABA
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| The neurotransmitter GABA has brain region specific effects on behavioral states.
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| GABA in the [[pontine reticular formation]] promotes sleep and decreases sleep, by inhibiting the secretion of acetylcholine, which promotes Rem-sleep.
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| However, neurons activated by GABA in the basal forebrain fire the fastest during NRem-sleep, and is NRem promoting.
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| Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NRem-sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep.
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| ==== Models ====
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| ===== Two-Process Model of Sleep =====
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| ===== Model1 =====
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| ===== Model2 =====
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| ===== Model3 =====
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Latest revision as of 01:32, 9 February 2023
Esse cronograma também é bom para pessoas que dividem a cama ou quarto com outra pessoa. Não é muito difícil encontrar um horário de dormir ou acordar que corresponda a uma pessoa monofásica, se eles concordarem com um horário de sono ou vigília consistente.
