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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 睡眠安排涉及許多方面,是一個複雜的話題,必須根據個人的需要進行調整。如果多相睡眠時程設計得不好,十之八九會導致嚴重的[[wikipedia:Sleep_deprivation|睡眠不足]],而且很可能一直無法適應,浪費幾週甚至幾個月的時間。這頁會詳細介紹目前關於多相時程編排的共識。 |
− | Scheduling sleep is a complex topic that involves many aspects and must be done in accordance to one's individual needs. With a poorly designed polyphasic schedule, you will experience crippling [[wikipedia:Sleep_deprivation|sleep deprivation]] and most likely never adapt, wasting weeks or months of your life. This page details the current consensus on scheduling.
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| ==睡眠階段== | | ==睡眠階段== |
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | [[Wikipedia: Neuroscience of sleep |睡眠]]是一種會為身體整體帶來生理上的變化的複雜現象。然而,它主要影響的是大腦。根據大腦中的電活動,睡眠被分為[[Wikipedia:Rapid eye movement sleep |快速動眼期]](REM)和非快速動眼期(NREM)。NREM睡眠根據腦電波的頻率和振幅再被進一步分為三個階段。 |
− | [[Wikipedia: Neuroscience of sleep |Sleep]] is a complex phenomenon that causes physiological changes all over the body. However, it mainly affects the brain. According to the electrical activities in the brain, sleep is divided into [[Wikipedia:Rapid eye movement sleep |rapid-eye movement]] (REM) and non-REM (NREM) stages. NREM sleep is further divided into three stages according to the frequency and amplitude of brainwaves. | |
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | NREM第一階段佔單相成人總睡眠的5至10%,是所有NREM階段中最淺的睡眠階段。在這個階段中,對外部環境和對自身的意識都會有所減弱。部分人在這個階段會出現抽搐或臨睡幻覺。NREM1中[[Wikipedia:alpha waves|Alpha波]]和[[Wikipedia:theta waves|Theta波]]會混合存在。 |
− | NREM Stage 1, accounting for 5-10% of total sleep in monophasic adults, is the lightest of all NREM Stages. During this stage, awareness to the external environment and consciousness is diminished. Some people experience hypnic jerks or hypnagogic hallucinations during this stage. A mix of [[Wikipedia:alpha waves|alpha waves]] and [[Wikipedia:theta waves|theta waves]] are present in this stage.
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | NREM第二階段是比第一階段更深的睡眠,佔總睡眠的45至55%。與NREM1相比,在NREM2中更難被喚醒。這個階段的特徵是[[Wikipedia:K-complex|K-複合波]]和[[Wikipedia:sleep spindles|睡眠梭狀波]],即Alpha波活動的突然中斷。這階段的睡眠也負責維持長時間的清醒狀態。 |
− | NREM Stage 2, accounting for 45-55% of total sleep, is deeper than the first one. It is more difficult to be awaken from than from the NREM 1. This stage is characterized by [[Wikipedia:K-complex|K-complexes]] and [[Wikipedia:sleep spindles|sleep spindles]], which are abrupt interruptions in alpha waves activity. This stage of sleep also plays a role in maintaining wakefulness over long periods.
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | NREM第三階段佔總睡眠的15至25%,是所有睡眠階段中最深的階段。這個階段主要包含高振幅和低頻率的[[Wikipedia:delta waves|Delta波]]。因此,它也被稱為慢波睡眠(SWS)。要從這個階段中醒來是非常困難的。試圖這樣做往往會導致一段強烈的呆滯和認知功能受損的時期——[[Special:MyLanguage/sleep inertia|睡眠惰性]](sleep inertia)。NREM3通過[[Wikipedia:Glymphatic system|膠淋巴系統]](glymphatic system)在維護大腦方面發揮著關鍵作用。這過程需要約30至60分鐘的連續的NREM3才能完成,因此只包含短暫小睡的時程可能會阻礙到此功能。 |
− | NREM Stage 3, accounting for 15-25% of total sleep, is the deepest of all sleep stages. This stage contains primarily [[Wikipedia:delta waves|delta waves]], which are high-amplitude and low-frequency. Hence, this stage is also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS). It is very difficult to wake up from this stage; attempts at doing so tend to result in [[Special:MyLanguage/sleep inertia|sleep inertia]] -- a period of intense grogginess and impaired cognitive function. This stage of sleep plays a critical role in the maintenance of the brain through the [[Wikipedia:Glymphatic system|glymphatic system]]. This process takes about 30 to 60 minutes of continuous NREM3 to complete, and could be hindered by schedules containing only short naps.
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | REM佔總睡眠的20至25%,其特點是類似於清醒時的高頻率、低振幅的腦波活動以及快速的眼球活動。在這個階段,肌肉會被麻痺,體溫亦會變得不受調節。REM睡眠中經常會出現生動的夢境,而肌肉麻痺會使睡眠者無法將其行動表現出來。 |
− | REM, accounting for 20-25% of total sleep, is characterized by high frequency, low amplitude activity that resembles that during wakefulness and rapid eye movements. In this stage, muscles are also paralyzed and body temperature becomes unregulated. Vivid dreams are also often experienced during this stage, and the muscle atonia (paralysis) prevents the sleeper from acting them out.
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− | </div>
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− | ==透過多相睡眠削減睡眠== | + | ==透過多相睡眠縮短睡眠== |
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | SWS和REM(統稱為“必要睡眠階段”)是身體最需要的睡眠階段,一般來說不能被削減。當睡眠者沒有得到足夠的SWS或REM時,相應的壓力就會開始積累。隨著壓力的增加,身體會開始偏好於所缺乏的睡眠階段而不是其他。一段時間過後,這可以引起入睡出現之快速動眼期(SOREM)和入睡出現之慢波睡眠(SOSWS),讓身體能夠在更短的時間內獲得所需的SWS和REM。此外,當睡眠受到限制時,必要睡眠階段會取代淺層睡眠(NREM1和2),進一步減少了維持健康所需的總睡眠量。 |
− | SWS and REM (collectively termed ''vital sleep stages'') are the most necessary for the body, and in general cannot be cut. When a sleeper does not get a sufficient amount of SWS or REM, the respective pressure starts to build up. As the pressure builds, the body starts to favour that kind of sleep over others. At some point, this can lead to sleep-onset REM (SOREM) and sleep-onset SWS (SOSWS), which enables a sleeper to gain the required amount of SWS and REM in a shorter amount of time. Moreover, when sleep is restricted, vital sleep stages displaces light sleep (NREM 1 and 2), which further reduces the amount of total sleep needed to sustain the body.
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− | </div>
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 然而,隨著NREM2的減少,長時間保持清醒的能力也會減弱。因此,總睡眠時間(TST)較短的時程需要有更多睡眠段落分佈在一天中。約20分鐘的小睡或約90分鐘的單週期主段有助於多相睡眠者維持清醒狀態。最大的覺醒間隔取決於你所選的時程、日程安排以及睡眠者的個人需求。如果間隔太大,你在這期間將會總是感到陣陣疲憊,進而無法完全適應時程。 |
− | However, as NREM 2 gets reduced, the ability to stay awake for long periods diminishes. This is why schedules with less total sleep time (TST) need more sleeps spread throughout the day to be sustainable. Taking a ~20-minute nap or a ~90-minute single-cycle core helps a polyphasic sleeper sustain wakefulness. Maximum wake gaps are dependent on the schedule, time of day, as well as the sleeper's individual needs. With gaps too large, one will always experiences bouts of tiredness during it and be unable to fully adapt to the schedule.
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− | </div>
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| ==晝夜節律== | | ==晝夜節律== |
| {{TNT|Further|Dark period}} | | {{TNT|Further|Dark period}} |
− | The circadian rhythm is the body clock aligned to local solar time by light exposure and food intake, among other factors. It generates hormonal changes throughout the day consistently to produce effects on the body. One of the main effects is the secretion of [[Wikipedia:Melatonin|melatonin]], the presence of which is essential for entering SWS, and also affects the timing of REM sleep.
| + | 晝夜節律(Circadian rhythm)是體内的生物時鐘,主要通過曝光和食物攝入等因素與當地的太陽時保持一致。它在一天中持續帶動荷爾蒙變化,對身體產生影響。晝夜節律其中一個主要影響是[[Wikipedia:Melatonin|褪黑激素]](melatonin)的分泌。它的存在對進入SWS至關重要,同時對REM的出現時間也會產生影響。 |
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 日落之後,當光照水平降低時,身體會開始分泌褪黑激素以促進睡眠。入夜時褪黑激素水平的上升讓身體能在最初幾個睡眠週期中獲得SWS。相反,隨著褪黑激素水平在早晨下降,REM就會成為被優先的睡眠階段。 |
− | After sunset when light levels reduce, the body starts to secrete melatonin to promote sleep. The rising levels of melatonin early in the night allows the body to gain SWS in the first few sleep cycles. In contrast, as melatonin levels drops in the morning, REM becomes the preferred sleep phase to be gained.
| + | [[File:Melanopic.png|thumb|黑視蛋白敏感度函數]] |
− | [[File:Melanopic.png|thumb|Melanopic sensitivity function]] | + | 在現代,隨著人工照明的出現,許多人的晝夜節律被推前了(即更晚)。然而,這種對人工照明的暴露也損害了人們有效獲得SWS的能力。光對晝夜節律的影響程度由黑視蛋白敏感度函數(melanopic light sensitivity function)斷定,該函數在480nm前後(藍色)達到峰值,並在兩側下降。爲了減少這種影響,睡眠者有必須採用一個[[Special:MyLanguage/dark period|暗期]],在此期間,藍色和綠色的光不能進入眼睛。這可以通過使用[[Special:MyLanguage/red goggles|紅色護目鏡]]或[[Special:MyLanguage/screen filters|熒幕過濾器]]等多種方式實現。 |
− | In modern times with the advent of artificial light, many people's circadian rhythms have been pushed forward (i.e. later). However, this exposure to artificial light sources also compromises people's ability to gain SWS efficiently. The extent to which light influences the circadian rhythm is given by the melanopic light sensitivity function, which peaks at ~480nm (blue) and drops off on both sides. To reduce this effect, a [[Special:MyLanguage/dark period|dark period]] must be employed, during which blue and green lights must not enter the eye. This can be done in many ways, such as with [[Special:MyLanguage/red goggles|red goggles]] or [[Special:MyLanguage/screen filters|screen filters]].
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− | </div>
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 為了保持晝夜節律的穩定性,所有多相睡眠時程的主段或暗期時間都不能有太大的變化,必須每天保持相對的一致性。因此,非24小時週期的時程是不可持續的,更是不健康的。這方面的例子包括週期超過24小時(不斷推遲睡眠階段),或是每天採用完全不同的睡眠時程。 |
− | To maintain the stability of the circadian rhythm, all polyphasic sleep schedules must stay relatively consistent day-to-day, without large changes in core or dark period timings. As such, schedules that are not aligned with the 24-hour day are unsustainable and unhealthy. Examples of which includes cycles longer than 24 hours (delaying sleep phases continually) or employing drastically different sleep schedules on a day-to-day basis.
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− | </div>
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− | ==睡眠下限== | + | ==睡眠量下限== |
| {{see also|Age}} | | {{see also|Age}} |
− | Since vital sleep stages are generally not possible to reduce, the extent of compression required to sustain a schedule increases dramatically as total sleep time reduces. Compressing sleep, however, requires adaptation, and greater levels of compression necessitates harsher and/or longer adaptations. As such, schedules can be classified by their difficulty level, which is mostly a function of the amount of sleep cut.
| + | 由於必要睡眠階段一般不能被減少,所以隨著總睡眠時間的減少,維持一個時程所需的壓縮程度也會急劇增加。然而,壓縮睡眠是需要適應的,而更大程度的壓縮則需要更嚴厲和/或更長的適應時間。因此,時程可以根據其睡眠減少的程度進行適應難度的分類。 |
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− | It is worth noting that younger individuals whose brains and bodies are still developing will need more SWS and REM than adults, which increases their minimum sleep thresholds and makes reducing sleep more difficult. In addition, it has been suggested that NREM2 might have other functions in the development of the brain, and thus cutting it could be potentially problematic.
| + | 值得注意的是,年輕人的大腦和身體仍在發育,比成年人需要更多的SWS和REM,這會增加他們的睡眠量下限,使減少睡眠更加困難。此外,NREM2被認爲在大腦發育中可能帶有其他功能,因此削減NREM2可能會對發育有潛在的問題。 |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
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| |4小時 | | |4小時 |
| |} | | |} |
− | It is recommended that one stay above these limits at all times to prevent adverse effects on health. The necessity of vital sleep stages also implies that certain schedules, such as Uberman or Dymaxion, will be unachieveable for most people as its total sleep is below the total vital sleep required for most people.
| + | 爲了防止對健康產生不良影響,我們建議將睡眠在任何時候都保持在這些限度以上。必要睡眠階段的必要性也意味著某些時程,像是Uberman或Dymaxion等等,因為其總睡眠時間低於大多數人所需的必要睡眠時間,對大多數人來說是無法實現的。 |
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− | Here is a basic classifcation of schedules by their difficulty level, assuming a typical sleeper with 8h monophasic sleep and normal levels of SWS and REM:
| + | 以下是以一個典型的睡眠者有8小時的單相睡眠及正常的SWS和REM水平為假設,按難度對時程作出的基本分類: |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
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| |- | | |- |
| |簡單 | | |簡單 |
− | |二相X, E1-延長, | + | |二相X,E1-延長,Siesta-延長,分割-延長 |
− | Siesta-延長, 分割-延長
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| |7-8小時 | | |7-8小時 |
| |<1小時 | | |<1小時 |
− | |Recommended for beginners or those needing significant flexibility. | + | |推薦給新手或需要大量彈性的人。 |
| |- | | |- |
| |中等 | | |中等 |
− | |E1, E2, E3-延長, Siesta, DC1, Triphasic-延長, | + | |E1,E2,E3-延長,Siesta,DC1,Triphasic-延長,分割, DC1-延長 |
− | 分割, DC1-延長
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| |5-6小時 | | |5-6小時 |
| |1-2小時 | | |1-2小時 |
− | |Require a significant adaptation process, but can be quite flexible after adapting. | + | |需要一個體面的適應過程,但適應後可以有相當的彈性。 |
| |- | | |- |
| |困難 | | |困難 |
− | |E3, DC2 | + | |E3,DC2 |
| |4-5小時 | | |4-5小時 |
| |2-3小時 | | |2-3小時 |
− | |Require harsh adaptations and are not particularly flexible for most people. | + | |需要苛刻的適應過程,對大多數人來說不是特別靈活 。 |
| |- | | |- |
− | |頗爲困難 | + | |非常困難 |
− | |DC3, Bimaxion, 三相 | + | |DC3,Bimaxion,三相 |
| |4-5小時 | | |4-5小時 |
| |2-3小時 | | |2-3小時 |
− | |Considered harder than the "Hard" ones because they do not contain a longer core during SWS peak hours. | + | |因為它們在SWS高峰期間中沒有較長的主段,因此被認為比“困難”的更難。 |
| |- | | |- |
− | |非常困難 | + | |極度困難 |
− | |E4, E3-縮短, Uberman, Dymaxion | + | |E4,E3-縮短,Uberman,Dymaxion |
| |<4小時 | | |<4小時 |
| |>4小時 | | |>4小時 |
− | |Not considered possible for most people. | + | |被認為對大多數人來說是不可能的。 |
| |} | | |} |
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| ==睡眠段落長度== | | ==睡眠段落長度== |
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 多相時程上的睡眠主要分為[[Special:MyLanguage/cores|主段睡眠]]和[[Special:MyLanguage/naps|小睡]]。 |
− | Sleeps on polyphasic schedules are broadly categorised into [[Special:MyLanguage/cores|cores]] and [[Special:MyLanguage/naps|naps]].
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− | </div>
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 主段是指至少包含一個完整的睡眠週期的長睡眠塊。它們通常被設置為90分鐘的倍數,即使常見的[[Wikipedia:sleep cycle|睡眠週期]]長度。然而,其他主段長度可以用來配合別的週期長度或加設獲得額外SWS或REM的時間。因為主段睡眠提供維持生命所需的SWS,它們通常被認為是不可或缺的。因此,沒有主段的時程(即[[Special:MyLanguage/Nap only|僅小睡時程]])的成功率極低。 |
− | Cores are long blocks of sleep that contain at least one full sleep cycle. They are typically scheduled to be a multiple of a 90 minutes, which is a common [[Wikipedia:sleep cycle|sleep cycle]] length. However, alternative core lengths can be done to either to plan for alternative cycle lengths or in an effort to gain extra time in SWS or REM. Cores are generally considered to be essential, because they provide the necessary amount of SWS to sustain life. As such, schedules without cores (i.e. [[Special:MyLanguage/Nap only|nap only schedules]]) have extremely low success rates.
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− | </div>
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 小睡是短暫的睡眠段落,在默認的時程中通常為20分鐘左右。小睡可以讓人獲得少量的REM。此外,小睡有助睡眠者在主段睡眠之間保持清醒。較長的小睡(長達約45分鐘,稱為[[Special:MyLanguage/pronap|Pronap]]<nowiki/>)可以被安排在黎明前後的REM高峰期中,以獲得更多的REM睡眠。在一天中的其他時間安排較長的小睡可能會導致SWS覺醒,特別是在SWS不足較嚴重的時期,一些人可能特別難以醒來。 |
− | Naps are short blocks of sleep, typically about 20 minutes on default schedules. Naps allow for a small amount of REM to be gained. Moreover, naps help sleepers sustain wakefulness through gaps. Longer naps (up to ~45 minutes, known as [[Special:MyLanguage/pronap|pronap]]<nowiki/>s) can be used in during the REM peak around dawn to gain even more time in REM. Longer naps in other times of the day can lead to SWS wakes, which can be exceptionally difficult to wake from for some people, especially during periods of high SWS deficit.
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− | </div>
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 因為主段有足夠的時間來完成充滿SWS的睡眠週期,主段睡眠在夜間進行爲佳。對大多數人來說,由於各種社會義務,主段也比較容易安排在晚上。小睡則在白天進行爲佳,因為更深的睡眠階段不太可能出現。在適應之後,小睡可以相對有彈性,而主段則更難移動。 |
− | Core sleeps are favoured during night time, as they allow sufficient time to complete SWS-filled sleep cycles. They are also easier to schedule at night for most people due to social obligations. Naps are favoured in the day, since deeper sleep stages are less likely to appear then. After adaptation, naps can be relatively flexible, whereas cores are much harder to move.
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− | </div>
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| ==一致性== | | ==一致性== |
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− | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | 在適應過程中,大多數多相時程(非縮減性時程除外)都是嚴謹的,也就是說,睡眠時程必須非常穩定,不能有跳過睡眠、移動睡眠時間、睡眠不足或睡過頭的情況。如果你的生活安排使你不可能每天都遵循所計劃的睡眠時程,那麼你將無法適應它。但是一兩次小的失誤應該不會對你的適應造成太大損害。然而,隨著錯誤的積累,你就越不可能適應。因此,有必要未雨綢繆,避免這些錯誤。根據睡眠時程仔細安排你的生活,以及設置適當的鬧鐘,避免睡過頭。 |
− | During adaptation, most polyphasic schedules (other than non-reducing ones) are strict, that is, they must be done very consistently, without missed sleeps, moved sleeps, oversleeps, or undersleeps. If your life schedule cannot accomodate the sleep schedule you are planning for almost all days, it is unlikely that you will ever be able to adapt to it. One or two minor mishaps should not cause too much damage to your adaptation. However, as the mistakes accumulate, your chance of successful adaptation decreases. It is therefore necessary to plan ahead and avoid these mistakes, by carefully scheduling your life around the sleeps as well as setting proper alarms to avoid oversleeps.
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− | </div>
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| ==時程類別== | | ==時程類別== |
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| + | 自古以來,人類遵循的時程主要有兩種:晚上有兩個長的睡眠,中間有一個醒來的間隙的[[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|分割睡眠]],以及晚上一個長的睡眠,下午一個短的睡眠的[[Special:MyLanguage/Siesta|Siesta]]。當然,古人的時程安排更加靈活,因此很可能比目前的標準時程有更長的總睡眠時間。目前大多數多相睡眠時程都是從單相睡眠以及上述兩種歷史上常見的時程演變而來的。 |
− | Two main schedule types have been practiced by humans since time immemorial: [[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|Segmented]] -- with two long sleep in the night separated by a wake gap, and [[Special:MyLanguage/Siesta|Siesta]] -- one long sleep in the night and a shorter sleep in the afternoon. Of course, the schedule timings of the ancient people are more flexible and thus likely contains more total sleep than the current standard ones. Most current polyphasic sleep schedules evolve from monophasic sleep as well as the above two historically common schedules.
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| + | [[Special:MyLanguage/Biphasic|二相]]時程的類別以上述的兩個歷史上的多相時程,以及可以被認爲是Siesta的變體的E1而構成。 |
− | The [[Special:MyLanguage/Biphasic|Biphasic]] line of schedules consists of the two historical polyphasic schedules, as well as E1, which is also considered a variant of siesta in an Everyman style.
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| + | [[Special:MyLanguage/Everyman|Everyman]]時程的類別是通過去除單相睡眠結束時的睡眠週期,並增加小睡來彌補失去的REM和維持清醒而形成的。 |
− | The [[Special:MyLanguage/Everyman|Everyman]] line of schedules are formed by removing sleep cycles in the end of monophasic sleep, and adding naps to compensate for the lost time in REM and sustain wakefulness.
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| + | [[Special:MyLanguage/Dual core|雙主段]]時程的類別也是如此,只不過它使用[[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|分割]]睡眠代替單相睡眠。 |
− | The [[Special:MyLanguage/Dual core|Dual core]] line of schedules does the same thing, except to [[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|Segmented]] instead of monophasic sleep.
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− | </div>
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− | Over the decades, the polyphasic sleep community has developed several lines of schedules that have been known to work.
| + | 幾十年來,多相睡眠社群已經開發了幾種已知道有效的時程類別。 |
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睡眠安排涉及許多方面,是一個複雜的話題,必須根據個人的需要進行調整。如果多相睡眠時程設計得不好,十之八九會導致嚴重的睡眠不足,而且很可能一直無法適應,浪費幾週甚至幾個月的時間。這頁會詳細介紹目前關於多相時程編排的共識。
睡眠階段
睡眠是一種會為身體整體帶來生理上的變化的複雜現象。然而,它主要影響的是大腦。根據大腦中的電活動,睡眠被分為快速動眼期(REM)和非快速動眼期(NREM)。NREM睡眠根據腦電波的頻率和振幅再被進一步分為三個階段。
NREM第一階段佔單相成人總睡眠的5至10%,是所有NREM階段中最淺的睡眠階段。在這個階段中,對外部環境和對自身的意識都會有所減弱。部分人在這個階段會出現抽搐或臨睡幻覺。NREM1中Alpha波和Theta波會混合存在。
NREM第二階段是比第一階段更深的睡眠,佔總睡眠的45至55%。與NREM1相比,在NREM2中更難被喚醒。這個階段的特徵是K-複合波和睡眠梭狀波,即Alpha波活動的突然中斷。這階段的睡眠也負責維持長時間的清醒狀態。
NREM第三階段佔總睡眠的15至25%,是所有睡眠階段中最深的階段。這個階段主要包含高振幅和低頻率的Delta波。因此,它也被稱為慢波睡眠(SWS)。要從這個階段中醒來是非常困難的。試圖這樣做往往會導致一段強烈的呆滯和認知功能受損的時期——睡眠惰性(sleep inertia)。NREM3通過膠淋巴系統(glymphatic system)在維護大腦方面發揮著關鍵作用。這過程需要約30至60分鐘的連續的NREM3才能完成,因此只包含短暫小睡的時程可能會阻礙到此功能。
REM佔總睡眠的20至25%,其特點是類似於清醒時的高頻率、低振幅的腦波活動以及快速的眼球活動。在這個階段,肌肉會被麻痺,體溫亦會變得不受調節。REM睡眠中經常會出現生動的夢境,而肌肉麻痺會使睡眠者無法將其行動表現出來。
透過多相睡眠縮短睡眠
SWS和REM(統稱為“必要睡眠階段”)是身體最需要的睡眠階段,一般來說不能被削減。當睡眠者沒有得到足夠的SWS或REM時,相應的壓力就會開始積累。隨著壓力的增加,身體會開始偏好於所缺乏的睡眠階段而不是其他。一段時間過後,這可以引起入睡出現之快速動眼期(SOREM)和入睡出現之慢波睡眠(SOSWS),讓身體能夠在更短的時間內獲得所需的SWS和REM。此外,當睡眠受到限制時,必要睡眠階段會取代淺層睡眠(NREM1和2),進一步減少了維持健康所需的總睡眠量。
然而,隨著NREM2的減少,長時間保持清醒的能力也會減弱。因此,總睡眠時間(TST)較短的時程需要有更多睡眠段落分佈在一天中。約20分鐘的小睡或約90分鐘的單週期主段有助於多相睡眠者維持清醒狀態。最大的覺醒間隔取決於你所選的時程、日程安排以及睡眠者的個人需求。如果間隔太大,你在這期間將會總是感到陣陣疲憊,進而無法完全適應時程。
晝夜節律
晝夜節律(Circadian rhythm)是體内的生物時鐘,主要通過曝光和食物攝入等因素與當地的太陽時保持一致。它在一天中持續帶動荷爾蒙變化,對身體產生影響。晝夜節律其中一個主要影響是褪黑激素(melatonin)的分泌。它的存在對進入SWS至關重要,同時對REM的出現時間也會產生影響。
日落之後,當光照水平降低時,身體會開始分泌褪黑激素以促進睡眠。入夜時褪黑激素水平的上升讓身體能在最初幾個睡眠週期中獲得SWS。相反,隨著褪黑激素水平在早晨下降,REM就會成為被優先的睡眠階段。
在現代,隨著人工照明的出現,許多人的晝夜節律被推前了(即更晚)。然而,這種對人工照明的暴露也損害了人們有效獲得SWS的能力。光對晝夜節律的影響程度由黑視蛋白敏感度函數(melanopic light sensitivity function)斷定,該函數在480nm前後(藍色)達到峰值,並在兩側下降。爲了減少這種影響,睡眠者有必須採用一個暗期,在此期間,藍色和綠色的光不能進入眼睛。這可以通過使用紅色護目鏡或熒幕過濾器等多種方式實現。
為了保持晝夜節律的穩定性,所有多相睡眠時程的主段或暗期時間都不能有太大的變化,必須每天保持相對的一致性。因此,非24小時週期的時程是不可持續的,更是不健康的。這方面的例子包括週期超過24小時(不斷推遲睡眠階段),或是每天採用完全不同的睡眠時程。
睡眠量下限
由於必要睡眠階段一般不能被減少,所以隨著總睡眠時間的減少,維持一個時程所需的壓縮程度也會急劇增加。然而,壓縮睡眠是需要適應的,而更大程度的壓縮則需要更嚴厲和/或更長的適應時間。因此,時程可以根據其睡眠減少的程度進行適應難度的分類。
值得注意的是,年輕人的大腦和身體仍在發育,比成年人需要更多的SWS和REM,這會增加他們的睡眠量下限,使減少睡眠更加困難。此外,NREM2被認爲在大腦發育中可能帶有其他功能,因此削減NREM2可能會對發育有潛在的問題。
年齡
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建議最低睡眠量
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<16
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7.5小時
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16-18
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6小時
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18-21
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5小時
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>21
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4小時
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爲了防止對健康產生不良影響,我們建議將睡眠在任何時候都保持在這些限度以上。必要睡眠階段的必要性也意味著某些時程,像是Uberman或Dymaxion等等,因為其總睡眠時間低於大多數人所需的必要睡眠時間,對大多數人來說是無法實現的。
以下是以一個典型的睡眠者有8小時的單相睡眠及正常的SWS和REM水平為假設,按難度對時程作出的基本分類:
難度
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時程示例
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TST範圍
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睡眠削減量
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備注
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簡單
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二相X,E1-延長,Siesta-延長,分割-延長
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7-8小時
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<1小時
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推薦給新手或需要大量彈性的人。
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中等
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E1,E2,E3-延長,Siesta,DC1,Triphasic-延長,分割, DC1-延長
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5-6小時
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1-2小時
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需要一個體面的適應過程,但適應後可以有相當的彈性。
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困難
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E3,DC2
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4-5小時
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2-3小時
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需要苛刻的適應過程,對大多數人來說不是特別靈活 。
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非常困難
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DC3,Bimaxion,三相
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4-5小時
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2-3小時
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因為它們在SWS高峰期間中沒有較長的主段,因此被認為比“困難”的更難。
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極度困難
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E4,E3-縮短,Uberman,Dymaxion
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<4小時
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>4小時
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被認為對大多數人來說是不可能的。
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睡眠段落長度
多相時程上的睡眠主要分為主段睡眠和小睡。
主段是指至少包含一個完整的睡眠週期的長睡眠塊。它們通常被設置為90分鐘的倍數,即使常見的睡眠週期長度。然而,其他主段長度可以用來配合別的週期長度或加設獲得額外SWS或REM的時間。因為主段睡眠提供維持生命所需的SWS,它們通常被認為是不可或缺的。因此,沒有主段的時程(即僅小睡時程)的成功率極低。
小睡是短暫的睡眠段落,在默認的時程中通常為20分鐘左右。小睡可以讓人獲得少量的REM。此外,小睡有助睡眠者在主段睡眠之間保持清醒。較長的小睡(長達約45分鐘,稱為Pronap)可以被安排在黎明前後的REM高峰期中,以獲得更多的REM睡眠。在一天中的其他時間安排較長的小睡可能會導致SWS覺醒,特別是在SWS不足較嚴重的時期,一些人可能特別難以醒來。
因為主段有足夠的時間來完成充滿SWS的睡眠週期,主段睡眠在夜間進行爲佳。對大多數人來說,由於各種社會義務,主段也比較容易安排在晚上。小睡則在白天進行爲佳,因為更深的睡眠階段不太可能出現。在適應之後,小睡可以相對有彈性,而主段則更難移動。
一致性
在適應過程中,大多數多相時程(非縮減性時程除外)都是嚴謹的,也就是說,睡眠時程必須非常穩定,不能有跳過睡眠、移動睡眠時間、睡眠不足或睡過頭的情況。如果你的生活安排使你不可能每天都遵循所計劃的睡眠時程,那麼你將無法適應它。但是一兩次小的失誤應該不會對你的適應造成太大損害。然而,隨著錯誤的積累,你就越不可能適應。因此,有必要未雨綢繆,避免這些錯誤。根據睡眠時程仔細安排你的生活,以及設置適當的鬧鐘,避免睡過頭。
時程類別
自古以來,人類遵循的時程主要有兩種:晚上有兩個長的睡眠,中間有一個醒來的間隙的分割睡眠,以及晚上一個長的睡眠,下午一個短的睡眠的Siesta。當然,古人的時程安排更加靈活,因此很可能比目前的標準時程有更長的總睡眠時間。目前大多數多相睡眠時程都是從單相睡眠以及上述兩種歷史上常見的時程演變而來的。
二相時程的類別以上述的兩個歷史上的多相時程,以及可以被認爲是Siesta的變體的E1而構成。
Everyman時程的類別是通過去除單相睡眠結束時的睡眠週期,並增加小睡來彌補失去的REM和維持清醒而形成的。
雙主段時程的類別也是如此,只不過它使用分割睡眠代替單相睡眠。
幾十年來,多相睡眠社群已經開發了幾種已知道有效的時程類別。
時程類別
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説明
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備注
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二相
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兩次睡眠
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通常被認爲最簡單,常被推薦給新手嘗試。
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Everyman
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一次主段睡眠和兩次或以上的小睡
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雙主段
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兩次主段睡眠和一次或以上的小睡
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三主段
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三次主段睡眠
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僅小睡
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沒有主段,小睡次數無限制
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對於大多數人來説無法實行。
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實驗性質
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不屬於以上類別的時程
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由於可行性的證據不足,通常不建議新手進行嘗試。
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