Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness: Difference between revisions
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Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by a number of neurotransmitters, as well as neuromodulators within specific brain regions1. | Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by a number of neurotransmitters, as well as neuromodulators within specific brain regions1. | ||
==Physiology== | |||
The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications. | The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications. | ||
===State-specific discharge patterns=== | |||
Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically: | Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically: | ||
* Wake-On (/Rem-Off) | *Wake-On (/Rem-Off) | ||
* Wake-On/ Rem-On | *Wake-On/ Rem-On | ||
* Rem-On | *Rem-On | ||
* NRem-On | *NRem-On | ||
===State-specific transmitter secretion=== | |||
In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release. | In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release. | ||
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GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep. | GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep. | ||
=== | ===Neurotransmitters regulating behavioral states=== | ||
====Wakefulness==== | |||
Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA) | Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA) | ||
====NREM==== | |||
GABA, Adenosine | GABA, Adenosine | ||
====REM ==== | |||
Acetylcholine, GABA | Acetylcholine, GABA | ||
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Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NRem-sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep. | Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NRem-sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep. | ||
===Models=== | |||
====Two-process model of sleep==== | |||
====Model1==== | |||
====Model2==== | |||
====Model3==== | |||
