Changes

Caffeine is the most widespread psychoactive drug in the world <ref>Burchfield G (1997). Hopes M (ed.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090726194701/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm "What's your poison: caffeine".] Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the [http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm original] on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</ref> and is contained in large quantities in coffee and, in lower concentration, in other beverages that are regularly consumed to temporally ward of drowsiness or increase mental performance.

Caffeine is the most widespread psychoactive drug in the world<ref name="abc.net" /> and is contained in large quantities in coffee and, in lower concentration, in other beverages that are regularly consumed to temporally ward of drowsiness or increase mental performance.

The main mechanism <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769007/</ref> at work with caffeine to achieve the alleviation of drowsiness is by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain, due to a similar chemical structure as adenosine<ref>"The structure of caffeine is very similar to adenosine, which allows it to bind to (all) the A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 ARs."[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618301726 Julius Schuster,Ellen in Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological PsychiatryS.Mitchell]  </ref>, that are a part of the sleep regulation mechanism.

The main mechanism<ref name="pmid20190965" /> at work with caffeine to achieve the alleviation of drowsiness is by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain, due to a similar chemical structure as adenosine<ref name="adenosine3" />, that are a part of the sleep regulation mechanism.

While caffeine both does induce a number of scientifically validated positive and negative effects on humans for a short time after consumption, withdrawal symptoms are possible in the case of caffeine dependence and are recognized by the ICD-11 and DSM-5.

While caffeine both does induce a number of scientifically validated positive and negative effects on humans for a short time after consumption, withdrawal symptoms are possible in the case of caffeine dependence and are recognized by the ICD-11 and DSM-5.

There are large genetically based differences in caffeine clearance time in the body<ref>"CYP1A2 gene polymorphism has been shown to alter the expression or activity of the CYP1A2 enzyme (Rasmussen et al., 2002), which subsequently results in a large individual variability of caffeine clearance." in "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618301726 Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry]" by JuliusSchuster, Ellen S.Mitchell</ref>, which might account for anecdotal accounts of varying sensitivity and prolonged effects of caffeine after ingestion.

There are large genetically based differences in caffeine clearance time in the body<ref name="adenosine4" />, which might account for anecdotal accounts of varying sensitivity and prolonged effects of caffeine after ingestion.

==Caffeinated beverages==

==Caffeinated beverages==

Average caffeine content in beverages<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614144016/http://www.cspinet.org/nah/caffeine/caffeine_content.htm "Caffeine Content of Food and Drugs"]. Nutrition Action Health Newsletter. Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1996. Archived from [http://www.cspinet.org/nah/caffeine/caffeine_content.htm the original] on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/caffeine/caffeine_info1.shtml "Caffeine Content of Beverages, Foods, & Medications".] The Vaults of Erowid. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.caffeineinformer.com/the-caffeine-database "Caffeine Content of Drinks"]. Caffeine Informer. Retrieved 8 December 2013.</ref><ref>Chin JM, Merves ML, Goldberger BA, Sampson-Cone A, Cone EJ (October 2008). [https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjat%2F32.8.702 "Caffeine content of brewed teas"]. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 32 (8): 702–4. [https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjat%2F32.8.702 doi:10.1093/jat/32.8.702]. PMID 19007524</ref><ref>Richardson B (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111227192924/http://elmwoodinn.com/about/caffeine.html "Too Easy to be True. De-bunking the At-Home Decaffeination Myth"]. Elmwood Inn. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref>

Average caffeine content in beverages<ref name="bev5" /><ref name="bev6" /><ref name="bev7" /><ref name="bev8" /><ref name="bev9" />

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==Recommendations==

==Recommendations==

For the purpose of adapting to Polyphasic sleep, the community discourages the intake of caffeinated beverages due to the ability of caffeine to disrupt sleep, decrease the amount of SWS sleep<ref>Adenosine analogs and sleep in rats.

For the purpose of adapting to Polyphasic sleep, the community discourages the intake of caffeinated beverages due to the ability of caffeine to disrupt sleep, decrease the amount of SWS sleep<ref name="rats" /> in a sleep block and mask sleep deprivation symptoms during the adaptation period. The long half life of caffeine (particularly as contained in coffee), significantly outlasts both the perceptible cognitive boost and the inevitable following caffeine crash, proceeding to effect the next sleep block in a subtle but negative way.

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1984 Feb; 228(2):268-74.[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J.+Pharmacol.+Exp.+Ther&title=Adenosine+analogs+and+sleep+in+rats&author=M+Radulovacki&author=RM+Virus&author=M+Djuricic-Nedelson&author=RD+Green&volume=228&publication_year=1984&pages=268-274&pmid=6694111&]</ref> in a sleep block and mask [[wikipedia:Sleep_deprivation|sleep deprivation]] symptoms during the adaptation period. The long half life of caffeine (particularly as contained in coffee), significantly outlasts both the perceptible cognitive boost and the inevitable following caffeine crash, proceeding to effect the next sleep block in a subtle but negative way.

==References==

==References==

<references />

<ref name="rats">{{cite journal |vauthors=Radulovacki M, Virus RM, Djuricic-Nedelson M, Green RD |date=February 1984 |title=Adenosine analogs and sleep in rats |url=https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/228/2/268.short |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=228 |issue=2 |pages=268-274}}</ref>

==See also==

==See also==