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| While caffeine both does induce a number of scientifically validated positive and negative effects on humans for a short time after consumption, withdrawal symptoms are possible in the case of caffeine dependence and are recognized by the ICD-11 and DSM-5. | | While caffeine both does induce a number of scientifically validated positive and negative effects on humans for a short time after consumption, withdrawal symptoms are possible in the case of caffeine dependence and are recognized by the ICD-11 and DSM-5. |
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| + | There are large genetically based differences in caffeine clearance time in the body<ref>"CYP1A2 gene polymorphism has been shown to alter the expression or activity of the CYP1A2 enzyme (Rasmussen et al., 2002), which subsequently results in a large individual variability of caffeine clearance."</ref>, which might account for anecdotal accounts of varying sensitivity and prolonged effects of caffeine after ingestion. |
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| ==Caffeinated beverages== | | ==Caffeinated beverages== |