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Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness (view source)
Revision as of 13:34, 26 December 2020
, 3 years agoThe physiological regulation of sleep and wakefulness, as well as different models describing the regulation (NOT DONE)
Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by a number of neurotransmitters, as well as neuromodulators within specific brain regions1.
==== Physiology ====
The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications.
===== State-Specific Discharge Patterns: =====
Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:
* Wake-On (/Rem-Off)
* Wake-On/ Rem-On
* Rem-On
* NRem-On
===== State-Specific Transmitter Secretion =====
In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release.
Monoamines (here: serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine): Densest release during wakefulness.
Acetylcholine: Densest release during both wakefulness and Rem-sleep
GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep.
===== Summarizing Neurotransmitters regulating the Behavioral States: =====
====== Wakefulness ======
Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA)
====== NREM ======
GABA, Adenosine
====== REM ======
Acetylcholine, GABA
The neurotransmitter GABA has brain region specific effects on behavioral states.
GABA in the [[pontine reticular formation]] promotes sleep and decreases sleep, by inhibiting the secretion of acetylcholine, which promotes Rem-sleep.
However, neurons activated by GABA in the basal forebrain
==== Models ====
===== Two-Process Model of Sleep =====
===== Model1 =====
===== Model2 =====
===== Model3 =====
==== Physiology ====
The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications.
===== State-Specific Discharge Patterns: =====
Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:
* Wake-On (/Rem-Off)
* Wake-On/ Rem-On
* Rem-On
* NRem-On
===== State-Specific Transmitter Secretion =====
In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release.
Monoamines (here: serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine): Densest release during wakefulness.
Acetylcholine: Densest release during both wakefulness and Rem-sleep
GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep.
===== Summarizing Neurotransmitters regulating the Behavioral States: =====
====== Wakefulness ======
Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA)
====== NREM ======
GABA, Adenosine
====== REM ======
Acetylcholine, GABA
The neurotransmitter GABA has brain region specific effects on behavioral states.
GABA in the [[pontine reticular formation]] promotes sleep and decreases sleep, by inhibiting the secretion of acetylcholine, which promotes Rem-sleep.
However, neurons activated by GABA in the basal forebrain
==== Models ====
===== Two-Process Model of Sleep =====
===== Model1 =====
===== Model2 =====
===== Model3 =====
