Changes

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by a number of neurotransmitters, as well as neuromodulators within specific brain regions1.  

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by a number of neurotransmitters, as well as neuromodulators within specific brain regions1.  

==== Physiology ====

==Physiology==

The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications.

The underlying physiology of sleep and wakefulness is complex. Different Neurons and Neurotransmitters promote different states of sleep and wakefulness. They are therefore categorised based on state-specific [[Discharge Patterns|discharge patterns]] and/or [[Transmitter Release|transmitter release]] and other neurobiological classifications.

===== State-Specific Discharge Patterns: =====

===State-specific discharge patterns===

Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:

Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:

* Wake-On (/Rem-Off)

*Wake-On (/Rem-Off)

* Wake-On/ Rem-On

*Wake-On/ Rem-On

* Rem-On

*Rem-On

* NRem-On

*NRem-On

===== State-Specific Transmitter Secretion =====

===State-specific transmitter secretion===

In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release.

In neurobiology, neurons are also classified by their state-specific transmitter release.

GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep.

GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep.

===== Summarizing Neurotransmitters regulating the Behavioral States: =====

===Neurotransmitters regulating behavioral states===

====== Wakefulness ======

====Wakefulness====

Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA)

Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Dopamine, Orexins, Glutamate (,GABA)

====== NREM ======

====NREM====

GABA, Adenosine

GABA, Adenosine

====== REM ======

====REM ====

Acetylcholine, GABA

Acetylcholine, GABA

Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NRem-sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep.

Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NRem-sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep.

==== Models ====

===Models===

===== Two-Process Model of Sleep =====

====Two-process model of sleep====

====Model1====

====Model3====

 

 

===== Model3 =====