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Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness (view source)
Revision as of 14:29, 26 December 2020
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Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:
Neurons are classifiable based on their discharge-pattern. During each behavioral state, there are neurons that fire at a higher rate as others. More specifically:
*Wake-On (/Rem-Off)
*Wake-On (/REM-Off)
*Wake-On/ Rem-On
*Wake-On/ REM-On
*Rem-On
*REM-On
*NRem-On
*NREM-On
===State-specific transmitter secretion===
===State-specific transmitter secretion===
Monoamines (here: serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine): Densest release during wakefulness.
Monoamines (here: serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine): Densest release during wakefulness.
Acetylcholine: Densest release during both wakefulness and Rem-sleep
Acetylcholine: Densest release during both wakefulness and REM sleep.
GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM-sleep.
GABA ( γ-aminobutyric acid): Densest release during NREM sleep.
===Neurotransmitters regulating behavioral states===
===Neurotransmitters regulating behavioral states===
The neurotransmitter GABA has brain region specific effects on behavioral states.
The neurotransmitter GABA has brain region specific effects on behavioral states.
GABA in the [[pontine reticular formation]] promotes sleep and decreases sleep, by inhibiting the secretion of acetylcholine, which promotes Rem-sleep.
GABA in the [[pontine reticular formation]] promotes sleep and decreases wakfulness, by inhibiting the secretion of acetylcholine, which promotes Rem-sleep.
However, neurons activated by GABA in the basal forebrain fire the fastest during NRem-sleep, and is NRem promoting.
However, neurons activated by GABA in the basal forebrain fire the fastest during NREM sleep, and is NREM promoting.
Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NRem-sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep.
Adenosine, the other major neurotransmitter involved in the onset of NREM sleep, increases proportional to the time spent awake in the basal forebrain. It is the neurotransmitter thouoght to be the major regulator of Process S in the 2-Process Model of Sleep.
===Models===
===Models===
In order to comprehend the mechanisms better, conceptual models of sleep-wake regulation have been created. In addition to the conceptualised models, mechanical models co-exist, that aim to describe the underlying physiology of the mechanisms in more detail.
====Two-process model of sleep====
====Two-process model of sleep====
The
====Model1====
====Model1====
