スケジューリング概要
睡眠のスケジューリングは多くの側面を含み、個々のニーズに合わせて行われなければなりません。多相睡眠スケジュールがうまく設計されていない場合は十中八九、深刻な睡眠不足に陥り、適応できないまま数週間から数ヶ月を無駄にしてしまいます。このページでは、スケジューリングに関する現在のコンセンサスを詳しく説明します。
睡眠段階
睡眠は体全体に生理学的変化をもたらす複雑な現象です。しかし、それは主に脳に影響を及ぼします。脳の電気活動により、睡眠はレム睡眠（REM）とノンレム睡眠（NREM）に分けられます。そしてさらに、NREM睡眠は脳波の周波数と振幅によって3つの段階に分けられています。
NREMの第一段階は、単相睡眠をする成人の総睡眠の5～10％を占める、NREMの中で最も眠りの浅い段階です。この段階では、外部環境への意識と自分の意識が低下します。一部の人はこの段階の間にジャーキングまたは入眠時幻覚を経験します。アルファ波とシータ波が第一段階で混在しています。
NREMの第二段階は、総睡眠の45-55％を占める、最初の段階よりも深い睡眠です。このNREM1よりも目覚めにくい段階では、アルファ波活動の間に挟むK複合と睡眠紡錘波が特徴とされています。また、この睡眠段階は長期間にわたる覚醒状態を維持する役割も担っています。
NREMの第三段階は、総睡眠の15～25％を占める、すべての睡眠ステージの中で最も深い睡眠段階です。この段階では主に高振幅で低周波のデルタ波が含まれています。したがって、徐波睡眠（SWS）として知られています。この段階から目を覚ますのは非常に困難です。そうしようとすると、激しいだるさと認知機能の低下した期間、睡眠慣性につながる傾向があります。この睡眠段階はグリンパティックシステムを介して、脳の維持に重要な役割を果たしています。このプロセスは約30～60分の連続したNREM3が必要となり、短い仮眠しか含めていないスケジュールでは妨げられる可能性があります。
総睡眠の20～25％を占めるレム（REM）睡眠は、覚醒時に似た高頻度・低振幅の活動と急速眼球運動が特徴になっております。この段階では筋肉も麻痺し、体温調節ができなくなります。REM睡眠中は鮮明な夢もよく経験され、そして筋活動抑制（麻痺）により、眠る人がそれを行動に移すことができなくなります。
多相睡眠に通じての睡眠の削減
SWSとREM（総称「必要睡眠段階」）は、体にとって最も必要なものであり、一般的には減らすことはできません。SWSとREMが不足すると、足りない睡眠段階のプレッシャーが蓄積し始めます。そしてプレッシャーが高まると、体はほかの睡眠段階よりもその足りない段階を優先し始めます。その結果、SOREM（sleep-onset REM）とSOSWS（sleep-onset SWS）と呼ばれる、入眠直後にREM・SWS睡眠に入ることができることになり、必要な量のSWSとREMを短時間で得ることができるようになります。さらに、睡眠が制限されると、必要睡眠段階が浅い睡眠（NREM1、2）を置き換え、体を維持するために必要な総睡眠量がさらに減ることになります。
However, as NREM 2 gets reduced, the ability to stay awake for long periods diminishes. This is why schedules with less total sleep time (TST) need more sleeps spread throughout the day to be sustainable. Taking a ~20-minute nap or a ~90-minute single-cycle core helps a polyphasic sleeper sustain wakefulness. Maximum wake gaps are dependent on the schedule, time of day, as well as the sleeper's individual needs. With gaps too large, one will always experiences bouts of tiredness during it and be unable to fully adapt to the schedule.
概日リズム
The circadian rhythm is the body clock aligned to local solar time by light exposure and food intake, among other factors. It generates hormonal changes throughout the day consistently to produce effects on the body. One of the main effects is the secretion of melatonin, the presence of which is essential for entering SWS, and also affects the timing of REM sleep.
After sunset when light levels reduce, the body starts to secrete melatonin to promote sleep. The rising levels of melatonin early in the night allows the body to gain SWS in the first few sleep cycles. In contrast, as melatonin levels drops in the morning, REM becomes the preferred sleep phase to be gained.
In modern times with the advent of artificial light, many people's circadian rhythms have been pushed forward (i.e. later). However, this exposure to artificial light sources also compromises people's ability to gain SWS efficiently. The extent to which light influences the circadian rhythm is given by the melanopic light sensitivity function, which peaks at ~480nm (blue) and drops off on both sides. To reduce this effect, a dark period must be employed, during which blue and green lights must not enter the eye. This can be done in many ways, such as with red goggles or screen filters.
To maintain the stability of the circadian rhythm, all polyphasic sleep schedules must stay relatively consistent day-to-day, without large changes in core or dark period timings. As such, schedules that are not aligned with the 24-hour day are unsustainable and unhealthy. Examples of which includes cycles longer than 24 hours (delaying sleep phases continually) or employing drastically different sleep schedules on a day-to-day basis.
最低限の睡眠
Since vital sleep stages are generally not possible to reduce, the extent of compression required to sustain a schedule increases dramatically as total sleep time reduces. Compressing sleep, however, requires adaptation, and greater levels of compression necessitates harsher and/or longer adaptations. As such, schedules can be classified by their difficulty level, which is mostly a function of the amount of sleep cut.
It is worth noting that younger individuals whose brains and bodies are still developing will need more SWS and REM than adults, which increases their minimum sleep thresholds and makes reducing sleep more difficult. In addition, it has been suggested that NREM2 might have other functions in the development of the brain, and thus cutting it could be potentially problematic.
| 年齢 | おすすめの最低睡眠時間 |
|---|---|
| ＜16 | 7.5時間 |
| 16～18 | 6時間 |
| 18～21 | 5時間 |
| ＞21 | 4時間 |
It is recommended that one stay above these limits at all times to prevent adverse effects on health. The necessity of vital sleep stages also implies that certain schedules, such as Uberman or Dymaxion, will be unachieveable for most people as its total sleep is below the total vital sleep required for most people.
Here is a basic classifcation of schedules by their difficulty level, assuming a typical sleeper with 8h monophasic sleep and normal levels of SWS and REM:
| 難易度 | スケジュール例 | TST範囲 | 睡眠時間の削減 | 註 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 簡単 | 二相X, E1－延長,
シエスタ－延長, 分割－延長 |
7～8 | ＜1時間 | 初心者やかなりの柔軟性を必要とする方にお勧めです。 |
| 中間 | E1, E2, E3－延長, シエスタ, DC1, 三相－延長,
分割, DC1－延長 |
5～6 | 1～2時間 | ちゃんとした適応プロセスを必要とするが、適応後はかなりの柔軟性が得られます。 |
| 難しい | E3, DC2 | 4～5 | 2～3時間 | 過酷な適応を必要とし、ほとんどの人にとっては特に柔軟性があるわけではない。 |
| とても難しい | DC3, バイマクション, 三相 | 4～5 | 2～3時間 | SWSのピークには長いコアが入っていないため、「難しい」よりも難しいとされています。 |
| 極めて難しい | E4, E3－短縮, ウ―ベルマン, ダイマクション | ＜4 | ＞4時間 | ほとんどの人には不可能と考えられています。 |
睡眠ブロックの長さ
Cores are long blocks of sleep that contain at least one full sleep cycle. They are typically scheduled to be a multiple of a 90 minutes, which is a common sleep cycle length. However, alternative core lengths can be done to either to plan for alternative cycle lengths or in an effort to gain extra time in SWS or REM. Cores are generally considered to be essential, because they provide the necessary amount of SWS to sustain life. As such, schedules without cores (i.e. nap only schedules) have extremely low success rates.
Naps are short blocks of sleep, typically about 20 minutes on default schedules. Naps allow for a small amount of REM to be gained. Moreover, naps help sleepers sustain wakefulness through gaps. Longer naps (up to ~45 minutes, known as pronaps) can be used in during the REM peak around dawn to gain even more time in REM. Longer naps in other times of the day can lead to SWS wakes, which can be exceptionally difficult to wake from for some people, especially during periods of high SWS deficit.
Core sleeps are favoured during night time, as they allow sufficient time to complete SWS-filled sleep cycles. They are also easier to schedule at night for most people due to social obligations. Naps are favoured in the day, since deeper sleep stages are less likely to appear then. After adaptation, naps can be relatively flexible, whereas cores are much harder to move.
睡眠時間の整合性
During adaptation, most polyphasic schedules (other than non-reducing ones) are strict, that is, they must be done very consistently, without missed sleeps, moved sleeps, oversleeps, or undersleeps. If your life schedule cannot accomodate the sleep schedule you are planning for almost all days, it is unlikely that you will ever be able to adapt to it. One or two minor mishaps should not cause too much damage to your adaptation. However, as the mistakes accumulate, your chance of successful adaptation decreases. It is therefore necessary to plan ahead and avoid these mistakes, by carefully scheduling your life around the sleeps as well as setting proper alarms to avoid oversleeps.
スケジュールの分類
Two main schedule types have been practiced by humans since time immemorial: Segmented -- with two long sleep in the night separated by a wake gap, and Siesta -- one long sleep in the night and a shorter sleep in the afternoon. Of course, the schedule timings of the ancient people are more flexible and thus likely contains more total sleep than the current standard ones. Most current polyphasic sleep schedules evolve from monophasic sleep as well as the above two historically common schedules.
The Biphasic line of schedules consists of the two historical polyphasic schedules, as well as E1, which is also considered a variant of siesta in an Everyman style.
The Everyman line of schedules are formed by removing sleep cycles in the end of monophasic sleep, and adding naps to compensate for the lost time in REM and sustain wakefulness.
The Dual core line of schedules does the same thing, except to Segmented instead of monophasic sleep.
何十年もわたって、多相睡眠コミュニティは機能するスケジュールの部類をいくつか開発してきました。
| スケジュールの部類 | 説明 | 註 |
|---|---|---|
| 二相 | 睡眠ブロックが2つ | 一番簡単とされているので、初心者の方にもお勧めです。 |
| エブリマン | コア睡眠1つと2つかそれ以上の仮眠 | |
| 二主相 | コア睡眠2つと1つかそれ以上の仮眠 | |
| 三主相 | コア睡眠が3つ | |
| 仮眠のみ | コアがなく、不特定多数の仮眠をとる | ほとんどの人が達成できるとは思われていません。 |
| 実験的 | 上記の部類に当てはまらないもの | 機能している証拠が不十分なため、普通は初心者にお勧めしません。 |
