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[[Wikipedia: Neuroscience of sleep |睡眠]]是一种会为身体整体带来生理上的变化的复杂现象。然而,它主要影响的是大脑。根据大脑中的电活动,睡眠被分为[[Wikipedia:Rapid eye movement sleep |快速动眼期]](REM)和非快速动眼期(NREM)。 NREM睡眠根据脑电波的频率和振幅再被进一步分为三个阶段。  
 
[[Wikipedia: Neuroscience of sleep |睡眠]]是一种会为身体整体带来生理上的变化的复杂现象。然而,它主要影响的是大脑。根据大脑中的电活动,睡眠被分为[[Wikipedia:Rapid eye movement sleep |快速动眼期]](REM)和非快速动眼期(NREM)。 NREM睡眠根据脑电波的频率和振幅再被进一步分为三个阶段。  
  
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NREM第一阶段占单相成人总睡眠的5至10%,是所有NREM阶段中最浅的睡眠阶段。在这个阶段中,对外部环境和对自身的意识都会有所减弱。部分人在这个阶段会出现抽搐或临睡幻觉。 NREM1中[[Wikipedia:alpha waves|Alpha波]][[Wikipedia:theta waves|Theta波]]会混合存在。
NREM Stage 1, accounting for 5-10% of total sleep in monophasic adults, is the lightest of all NREM Stages. During this stage, awareness to the external environment and consciousness is diminished. Some people experience hypnic jerks or hypnagogic hallucinations during this stage. A mix of [[Wikipedia:alpha waves|alpha waves]] and [[Wikipedia:theta waves|theta waves]] are present in this stage.
 
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NREM第二阶段是比第一阶段更深的睡眠,占总睡眠的45至55%。与NREM1相比,在NREM2中更难被唤醒。这个阶段的特征是[[Wikipedia:K-complex|K-复合波]][[Wikipedia:sleep spindles|睡眠梭状波]],即Alpha波活动的突然中断。这阶段的睡眠也负责维持长时间的清醒状态。
NREM Stage 2, accounting for 45-55% of total sleep, is deeper than the first one. It is more difficult to be awaken from than from the NREM 1.  This stage is characterized by [[Wikipedia:K-complex|K-complexes]] and [[Wikipedia:sleep spindles|sleep spindles]], which are abrupt interruptions in alpha waves activity. This stage of sleep also plays a role in maintaining wakefulness over long periods.
 
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NREM第三阶段占总睡眠的15至25%,是所有睡眠阶段中最深的阶段。这个阶段主要包含高振幅和低频率的[[Wikipedia:delta waves|Delta波]]。因此,它也被称为慢波睡眠(SWS)。要从这个阶段中醒来是非常困难的。试图这样做往往会导致一段强烈的呆滞和认知功能受损的时期——[[Special:MyLanguage/sleep inertia|睡眠惰性]](sleep inertia)。 NREM3通过[[Wikipedia:Glymphatic system|胶淋巴系统]](glymphatic system)在维护大脑方面发挥着关键作用。这过程需要约30至60分钟的连续的NREM3才能完成,因此只包含短暂小睡的时程可能会阻碍到此功能。
NREM Stage 3, accounting for 15-25% of total sleep, is the deepest of all sleep stages. This stage contains primarily [[Wikipedia:delta waves|delta waves]], which are high-amplitude and low-frequency. Hence, this stage is also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS). It is very difficult to wake up from this stage; attempts at doing so tend to result in [[Special:MyLanguage/sleep inertia|sleep inertia]] -- a period of intense grogginess and impaired cognitive function. This stage of sleep plays a critical role in the maintenance of the brain through the [[Wikipedia:Glymphatic system|glymphatic system]]. This process takes about 30 to 60 minutes of continuous NREM3 to complete, and could be hindered by schedules containing only short naps.
 
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REM占总睡眠的20至25%,其特点是类似于清醒时的高频率、低振幅的脑波活动以及快速的眼球活动。在这个阶段,肌肉会被麻痹,体温亦会变得不受调节。 REM睡眠中经常会出现生动的梦境,而肌肉麻痹会使睡眠者无法将其行动表现出来。
REM, accounting for 20-25% of total sleep, is characterized by high frequency, low amplitude activity that resembles that during wakefulness and rapid eye movements. In this stage, muscles are also paralyzed and body temperature becomes unregulated. Vivid dreams are also often experienced during this stage, and the muscle atonia (paralysis) prevents the sleeper from acting them out.
 
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==透过多相睡眠缩短睡眠==
== Sleep reduction through polyphasic sleep ==
 
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SWS和REM(统称为“必要睡眠阶段”)是身体最需要的睡眠阶段,一般来说不能被削减。当睡眠者没有得到足够的SWS或REM时,相应的压力就会开始积累。随着压力的增加,身体会开始偏好于所缺乏的睡眠阶段而不是其他。一段时间过后,这可以引起入睡出现之快速动眼期(SOREM)和入睡出现之慢波睡眠(SOSWS),让身体能够在更短的时间内获得所需的SWS和REM。此外,当睡眠受到限制时,必要睡眠阶段会取代浅层睡眠(NREM1和2),进一步减少了维持健康所需的总睡眠量。
SWS and REM (collectively termed ''vital sleep stages'') are the most necessary for the body, and in general cannot be cut. When a sleeper does not get a sufficient amount of SWS or REM, the respective pressure starts to build up. As the pressure builds, the body starts to favour that kind of sleep over others. At some point, this can lead to sleep-onset REM (SOREM) and sleep-onset SWS (SOSWS), which enables a sleeper to gain the required amount of SWS and REM in a shorter amount of time. Moreover, when sleep is restricted, vital sleep stages displaces light sleep (NREM 1 and 2), which further reduces the amount of total sleep needed to sustain the body.
 
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然而,随着NREM2的减少,长时间保持清醒的能力也会减弱。因此,总睡眠时间(TST)较短的时程需要有更多睡眠段落分布在一天中。约20分钟的小睡或约90分钟的单周期主段有助于多相睡眠者维持清醒状态。最大的觉醒间隔取决于你所选的时程、日程安排以及睡眠者的个人需求。如果间隔太大,你在这期间将会总是感到阵阵疲惫,进而无法完全适应时程。
However, as NREM 2 gets reduced, the ability to stay awake for long periods diminishes. This is why schedules with less total sleep time (TST) need more sleeps spread throughout the day to be sustainable. Taking a ~20-minute nap or a ~90-minute single-cycle core helps a polyphasic sleeper sustain wakefulness. Maximum wake gaps are dependent on the schedule, time of day, as well as the sleeper's individual needs. With gaps too large, one will always experiences bouts of tiredness during it and be unable to fully adapt to the schedule.
 
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==昼夜节律==
==Circadian rhythm==
 
 
{{TNT|Further|Dark period}}
 
{{TNT|Further|Dark period}}
The circadian rhythm is the body clock aligned to local solar time by light exposure and food intake, among other factors. It generates hormonal changes throughout the day consistently to produce effects on the body. One of the main effects is the secretion of [[Wikipedia:Melatonin|melatonin]], the presence of which is essential for entering SWS, and also affects the timing of REM sleep.
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昼夜节律(Circadian rhythm)是体内的生物时钟,主要通过曝光和食物摄入等因素与当地的太阳时保持一致。它在一天中持续带动荷尔蒙变化,对身体产生影响。昼夜节律其中一个主要影响是[[Wikipedia:Melatonin|褪黑素]](melatonin)的分泌。它的存在对进入SWS至关重要,同时对REM的出现时间也会产生影响。
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日落之后,当光照水平降低时,身体会开始分泌褪黑素以促进睡眠。入夜时褪黑素水平的上升让身体能在最初几个睡眠周期中获得SWS。相反,随着褪黑素水平在早晨下降,REM就会成为被优先的睡眠阶段。
After sunset when light levels reduce, the body starts to secrete melatonin to promote sleep. The rising levels of melatonin early in the night allows the body to gain SWS in the first few sleep cycles. In contrast, as melatonin levels drops in the morning, REM becomes the preferred sleep phase to be gained.
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[[File:Melanopic.png|thumb|黑视蛋白敏感度函数]]
[[File:Melanopic.png|thumb|Melanopic sensitivity function]]
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在现代,随着人工照明的出现,许多人的昼夜节律被推前了(即更晚)。然而,这种对人工照明的暴露也损害了人们有效获得SWS的能力。光对昼夜节律的影响程度由黑视蛋白敏感度函数(melanopic light sensitivity function)断定,该函数在480nm前后(蓝色)达到峰值,并在两侧下降。为了减少这种影响,睡眠者有必须采用一个[[Special:MyLanguage/dark period|暗期]],在此期间,蓝色和绿色的光不能进入眼睛。这可以通过使用[[Special:MyLanguage/red goggles|红色护目镜]][[Special:MyLanguage/screen filters|荧幕过滤器]]等多种方式实现。
In modern times with the advent of artificial light, many people's circadian rhythms have been pushed forward (i.e. later). However, this exposure to artificial light sources also compromises people's ability to gain SWS efficiently. The extent to which light influences the circadian rhythm is given by the melanopic light sensitivity function, which peaks at ~480nm (blue) and drops off on both sides. To reduce this effect, a [[Special:MyLanguage/dark period|dark period]] must be employed, during which blue and green lights must not enter the eye. This can be done in many ways, such as with [[Special:MyLanguage/red goggles|red goggles]] or [[Special:MyLanguage/screen filters|screen filters]].
 
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为了保持昼夜节律的稳定性,所有多相睡眠时程的主段或暗期时间都不能有太大的变化,必须每天保持相对的一致性。因此,非24小时周期的时程是不可持续的,更是不健康的。这方面的例子包括周期超过24小时(不断推迟睡眠阶段),或是每天采用完全不同的睡眠时程。
To maintain the stability of the circadian rhythm, all polyphasic sleep schedules must stay relatively consistent day-to-day, without large changes in core or dark period timings. As such, schedules that are not aligned with the 24-hour day are unsustainable and unhealthy. Examples of which includes cycles longer than 24 hours (delaying sleep phases continually) or employing drastically different sleep schedules on a day-to-day basis.
 
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==睡眠量下限==
==Minimum sleep threshold==
 
 
{{see also|Age}}
 
{{see also|Age}}
Since vital sleep stages are generally not possible to reduce, the extent of compression required to sustain a schedule increases dramatically as total sleep time reduces. Compressing sleep, however, requires adaptation, and greater levels of compression necessitates harsher and/or longer adaptations. As such, schedules can be classified by their difficulty level, which is mostly a function of the amount of sleep cut.
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由于必要睡眠阶段一般不能被减少,所以随着总睡眠时间的减少,维持一个时程所需的压缩程度也会急剧增加。然而,压缩睡眠是需要适应的,而更大程度的压缩则需要更严厉和/或更长的适应时间。因此,时程可以根据其睡眠减少的程度进行适应难度的分类。
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值得注意的是,年轻人的大脑和身体仍在发育,比成年人需要更多的SWS和REM,这会增加他们的睡眠量下限,使减少睡眠更加困难。此外,NREM2被认为在大脑发育中可能带有其他功能,因此削减NREM2可能会对发育有潜在的问题。
It is worth noting that younger individuals whose brains and bodies are still developing will need more SWS and REM than adults, which increases their minimum sleep thresholds and makes reducing sleep more difficult. In addition, it has been suggested that NREM2 might have other functions in the development of the brain, and thus cutting it could be potentially problematic.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
 
|+
!Age
+
!年龄
!Recommended minimum sleep
+
!建议最低睡眠量
 
|-
 
|-
 
|<16
 
|<16
|7.5 hours
+
|7.5小时
 
|-
 
|-
 
|16-18
 
|16-18
|6 hours
+
|6小时
 
|-
 
|-
 
|18-21
 
|18-21
|5 hours
+
|5小时
 
|-
 
|-
 
|>21
 
|>21
|4 hours
+
|4小时
 
|}
 
|}
It is recommended that one stay above these limits at all times to prevent adverse effects on health. The necessity of vital sleep stages also implies that certain schedules, such as Uberman or Dymaxion, will be unachieveable for most people as its total sleep is below the total vital sleep required for most people.
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为了防止对健康产生不良影响,我们建议将睡眠在任何时候都保持在这些限度以上。必要睡眠阶段的必要性也意味着某些时程,像是Uberman或Dymaxion等等,因为其总睡眠时间低于大多数人所需的必要睡眠时间,对大多数人来说是无法实现的。
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以下是以一个典型的睡眠者有8小时的单相睡眠及正常的SWS和REM水平为假设,按难度对时程作出的基本分类:
Here is a basic classifcation of schedules by their difficulty level, assuming a typical sleeper with 8h monophasic sleep and normal levels of SWS and REM:
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
 
|+
!Difficulty
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!难度
!Example schedules
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!时程示例
!TST range
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!TST范围
!Sleep time cut
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!睡眠削减量
!Note
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!备注
 
|-
 
|-
|Easy
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|简单
|BiphasicX, E1-ext,
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|二相X,E1-延长,Siesta-延长,分割-延长
Siesta-ext, Segmented-ext
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|7-8小时
|7-8
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|<1小时
|<1 hour
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|推荐给新手或需要大量弹性的人。
|Recommended for beginners or those needing significant flexibility.
 
 
|-
 
|-
|Moderate
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|中等
|E1, E2, E3-ext, Siesta, DC1, Triphasic-ext,
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|E1,E2,E3-延长,Siesta,DC1,Triphasic-延长,分割, DC1-延长
Segmented, DC1-ext
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|5-6小时
|5-6
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|1-2小时
|1-2 hours
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|需要一个体面的适应过程,但适应后可以有相当的弹性。
|Require a significant adaptation process, but can be quite flexible after adapting.
 
 
|-
 
|-
|Hard
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|困难
|E3, DC2
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|E3,DC2
|4-5
+
|4-5小时
|2-3 hours
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|2-3小时
|Require harsh adaptations and are not particularly flexible for most people.
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|需要苛刻的适应过程,对大多数人来说不是特别灵活 。
 
|-
 
|-
|Very hard
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|非常困难
|DC3, Bimaxion, Triphasic
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|DC3,Bimaxion,三相
|4-5
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|4-5小时
|2-3 hours
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|2-3小时
|Considered harder than the "Hard" ones because they do not contain a longer core during SWS peak hours.
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|因为它们在SWS高峰期间中没有较长的主段,因此被认为比“困难”的更难。
 
|-
 
|-
|Extremely hard
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|极度困难
|E4, E3-shortened, Uberman, Dymaxion
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|E4,E3-缩短,Uberman,Dymaxion
|<4
+
|<4小时
|>4 hours
+
|>4小时
|Not considered possible for most people.
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|被认为对大多数人来说是不可能的。
 
|}
 
|}
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==睡眠段落长度==
==Sleep block lengths==
 
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多相时程上的睡眠主要分为[[Special:MyLanguage/cores|主段睡眠]][[Special:MyLanguage/naps|小睡]]
Sleeps on polyphasic schedules are broadly categorised into [[Special:MyLanguage/cores|cores]] and [[Special:MyLanguage/naps|naps]].
 
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主段是指至少包含一個完整的睡眠週期的長睡眠塊。它們通常被設置為90分鐘的倍數,即使常見的[[Wikipedia:sleep cycle|睡眠週期]]長度。然而,其他主段長度可以用來配合別的週期長度或加設獲得額外SWS或REM的時間。因為主段睡眠提供維持生命所需的SWS,它們通常被認為是不可或缺的。因此,沒有主段的時程(即[[Special:MyLanguage/Nap only|僅小睡時程]])的成功率極低。
Cores are long blocks of sleep that contain at least one full sleep cycle. They are typically scheduled to be a multiple of a 90 minutes, which is a common [[Wikipedia:sleep cycle|sleep cycle]] length. However, alternative core lengths can be done to either to plan for alternative cycle lengths or in an effort to gain extra time in SWS or REM. Cores are generally considered to be essential, because they provide the necessary amount of SWS to sustain life. As such, schedules without cores (i.e. [[Special:MyLanguage/Nap only|nap only schedules]]) have extremely low success rates.
 
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小睡是短暂的睡眠段落,在默认的时程中通常为20分钟左右。小睡可以让人获得少量的REM。此外,小睡有助睡眠者在主段睡眠之间保持清醒。较长的小睡(长达约45分钟,称为[[Special:MyLanguage/pronap|Pronap]]<nowiki/>)可以被安排在黎明前后的REM高峰期中,以获得更多的REM睡眠。在一天中的其他时间安排较长的小睡可能会导致SWS觉醒,特别是在SWS不足较严重的时期,一些人可能特别难以醒来。
Naps are short blocks of sleep, typically about 20 minutes on default schedules. Naps allow for a small amount of REM to be gained. Moreover, naps help sleepers sustain wakefulness through gaps. Longer naps (up to ~45 minutes, known as [[Special:MyLanguage/pronap|pronap]]<nowiki/>s) can be used in during the REM peak around dawn to gain even more time in REM. Longer naps in other times of the day can lead to SWS wakes, which can be exceptionally difficult to wake from for some people, especially during periods of high SWS deficit.
 
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因为主段有足够的时间来完成充满SWS的睡眠周期,主段睡眠在夜间进行为佳。对大多数人来说,由于各种社会义务,主段也比较容易安排在晚上。小睡则在白天进行为佳,因为更深的睡眠阶段不太可能出现。在适应之后,小睡可以相对有弹性,而主段则更难移动。
Core sleeps are favoured during night time, as they allow sufficient time to complete SWS-filled sleep cycles. They are also easier to schedule at night for most people due to social obligations. Naps are favoured in the day, since deeper sleep stages are less likely to appear then. After adaptation, naps can be relatively flexible, whereas cores are much harder to move.
 
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==一致性==
==Consistency==
 
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在适应过程中,大多数多相时程(非缩减性时程除外)都是严谨的,也就是说,睡眠时程必须非常稳定,不能有跳过睡眠、移动睡眠时间、睡眠不足或睡过头的情况。如果你的生活安排使你不可能每天都遵循所计划的睡眠时程,那么你将无法适应它。但是一两次小的失误应该不会对你的适应造成太大损害。然而,随着错误的积累,你就越不可能适应。因此,有必要未雨绸缪,避免这些错误。根据睡眠时程仔细安排你的生活,以及设置适当的闹钟,避免睡过头。
During adaptation, most polyphasic schedules (other than non-reducing ones) are strict, that is, they must be done very consistently, without missed sleeps, moved sleeps, oversleeps, or undersleeps. If your life schedule cannot accomodate the sleep schedule you are planning for almost all days, it is unlikely that you will ever be able to adapt to it. One or two minor mishaps should not cause too much damage to your adaptation. However, as the mistakes accumulate, your chance of successful adaptation decreases. It is therefore necessary to plan ahead and avoid these mistakes, by carefully scheduling your life around the sleeps as well as setting proper alarms to avoid oversleeps.
 
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==时程类别==
==Schedule lines==
 
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自古以来,人类遵循的时程主要有两种:晚上有两个长的睡眠,中间有一个醒来的间隙的[[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|分割睡眠]],以及晚上一个长的睡眠,下午一个短的睡眠的[[Special:MyLanguage/Siesta|Siesta]]。当然,古人的时程安排更加灵活,因此很可能比目前的标准时程有更长的总睡眠时间。目前大多数多相睡眠时程都是从单相睡眠以及上述两种历史上常见的时程演变而来的。
Two main schedule types have been practiced by humans since time immemorial: [[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|Segmented]] -- with two long sleep in the night separated by a wake gap, and [[Special:MyLanguage/Siesta|Siesta]] -- one long sleep in the night and a shorter sleep in the afternoon. Of course, the schedule timings of the ancient people are more flexible and thus likely contains more total sleep than the current standard ones. Most current polyphasic sleep schedules evolve from monophasic sleep as well as the above two historically common schedules.
 
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+
[[Special:MyLanguage/Biphasic|二相]]时程的类别以上述的两个历史上的多相时程,以及可以被认为是Siesta的变体的E1而构成。
The [[Special:MyLanguage/Biphasic|Biphasic]] line of schedules consists of the two historical polyphasic schedules, as well as E1, which is also considered a variant of siesta in an Everyman style.
 
</div>
 
  
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+
[[Special:MyLanguage/Everyman|Everyman]]时程的类别是通过去除单相睡眠结束时的睡眠周期,并增加小睡来弥补失去的REM和维持清醒而形成的。
The [[Special:MyLanguage/Everyman|Everyman]] line of schedules are formed by removing sleep cycles in the end of monophasic sleep, and adding naps to compensate for the lost time in REM and sustain wakefulness.
 
</div>
 
  
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+
[[Special:MyLanguage/Dual core|双主段]]时程的类别也是如此,只不过它使用[[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|分割]]睡眠代替单相睡眠。
The [[Special:MyLanguage/Dual core|Dual core]] line of schedules does the same thing, except to [[Special:MyLanguage/Segmented|Segmented]] instead of monophasic sleep.
 
</div>
 
  
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+
几十年来,多相睡眠社群已经开发了几种已知道有效的时程类别。
Over the decades, the polyphasic sleep community has developed several lines of schedules that have been known to work.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
 
|+
!Schedule line
+
!时程类别
!Description
+
!说明
!Notes
+
!备注
 
|-
 
|-
|Biphasic
+
|二相
|Two sleeps
+
|两次睡眠
|Usually deemed the easiest and recommended to beginners.
+
|通常被认为最简单,常被推荐给新手尝试。
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Everyman
 
|Everyman
|One core sleep and two or more naps
+
|一次主段睡眠和两次或以上的小睡
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Dual core
+
|双主段
|Two core sleeps and one or more naps
+
|两次主段睡眠和一次或以上的小睡
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Tri core
+
|三主段
|Three core sleeps
+
|三次主段睡眠
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|Nap only
+
|仅小睡
|No cores and any number of naps
+
|没有主段,小睡次数无限制
|Not deemed to be achievable for most people.
+
|对于大多数人来说无法实行。
 
|-
 
|-
|Experimental
+
|实验性质
|Those that do not fit into the above categories
+
|不属于以上类别的时程
|Not usually recommended for beginners due to insufficient evidence of them working
+
|由于可行性的证据不足,通常不建议新手进行尝试。
 
|}
 
|}
</div>
 
  
 
{{TNT|Polyphasic Sleep Schedules}}
 
{{TNT|Polyphasic Sleep Schedules}}

Latest revision as of 10:42, 5 July 2021

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时程编排睡眠安排涉及许多方面,是一个复杂的话题,必须根据个人的需要进行调整。如果多相睡眠时程设计得不好,十之八九会导致严重的睡眠不足,而且很可能一直无法适应,浪费几周甚至几个月的时间。这页会详细介绍目前关于多相时程编排的共识。

睡眠阶段

睡眠是一种会为身体整体带来生理上的变化的复杂现象。然而,它主要影响的是大脑。根据大脑中的电活动,睡眠被分为快速动眼期(REM)和非快速动眼期(NREM)。 NREM睡眠根据脑电波的频率和振幅再被进一步分为三个阶段。

NREM第一阶段占单相成人总睡眠的5至10%,是所有NREM阶段中最浅的睡眠阶段。在这个阶段中,对外部环境和对自身的意识都会有所减弱。部分人在这个阶段会出现抽搐或临睡幻觉。 NREM1中Alpha波Theta波会混合存在。

NREM第二阶段是比第一阶段更深的睡眠,占总睡眠的45至55%。与NREM1相比,在NREM2中更难被唤醒。这个阶段的特征是K-复合波睡眠梭状波,即Alpha波活动的突然中断。这阶段的睡眠也负责维持长时间的清醒状态。

NREM第三阶段占总睡眠的15至25%,是所有睡眠阶段中最深的阶段。这个阶段主要包含高振幅和低频率的Delta波。因此,它也被称为慢波睡眠(SWS)。要从这个阶段中醒来是非常困难的。试图这样做往往会导致一段强烈的呆滞和认知功能受损的时期——睡眠惰性(sleep inertia)。 NREM3通过胶淋巴系统(glymphatic system)在维护大脑方面发挥着关键作用。这过程需要约30至60分钟的连续的NREM3才能完成,因此只包含短暂小睡的时程可能会阻碍到此功能。

REM占总睡眠的20至25%,其特点是类似于清醒时的高频率、低振幅的脑波活动以及快速的眼球活动。在这个阶段,肌肉会被麻痹,体温亦会变得不受调节。 REM睡眠中经常会出现生动的梦境,而肌肉麻痹会使睡眠者无法将其行动表现出来。

透过多相睡眠缩短睡眠

SWS和REM(统称为“必要睡眠阶段”)是身体最需要的睡眠阶段,一般来说不能被削减。当睡眠者没有得到足够的SWS或REM时,相应的压力就会开始积累。随着压力的增加,身体会开始偏好于所缺乏的睡眠阶段而不是其他。一段时间过后,这可以引起入睡出现之快速动眼期(SOREM)和入睡出现之慢波睡眠(SOSWS),让身体能够在更短的时间内获得所需的SWS和REM。此外,当睡眠受到限制时,必要睡眠阶段会取代浅层睡眠(NREM1和2),进一步减少了维持健康所需的总睡眠量。

然而,随着NREM2的减少,长时间保持清醒的能力也会减弱。因此,总睡眠时间(TST)较短的时程需要有更多睡眠段落分布在一天中。约20分钟的小睡或约90分钟的单周期主段有助于多相睡眠者维持清醒状态。最大的觉醒间隔取决于你所选的时程、日程安排以及睡眠者的个人需求。如果间隔太大,你在这期间将会总是感到阵阵疲惫,进而无法完全适应时程。

昼夜节律

昼夜节律(Circadian rhythm)是体内的生物时钟,主要通过曝光和食物摄入等因素与当地的太阳时保持一致。它在一天中持续带动荷尔蒙变化,对身体产生影响。昼夜节律其中一个主要影响是褪黑素(melatonin)的分泌。它的存在对进入SWS至关重要,同时对REM的出现时间也会产生影响。

日落之后,当光照水平降低时,身体会开始分泌褪黑素以促进睡眠。入夜时褪黑素水平的上升让身体能在最初几个睡眠周期中获得SWS。相反,随着褪黑素水平在早晨下降,REM就会成为被优先的睡眠阶段。

黑视蛋白敏感度函数

在现代,随着人工照明的出现,许多人的昼夜节律被推前了(即更晚)。然而,这种对人工照明的暴露也损害了人们有效获得SWS的能力。光对昼夜节律的影响程度由黑视蛋白敏感度函数(melanopic light sensitivity function)断定,该函数在480nm前后(蓝色)达到峰值,并在两侧下降。为了减少这种影响,睡眠者有必须采用一个暗期,在此期间,蓝色和绿色的光不能进入眼睛。这可以通过使用红色护目镜荧幕过滤器等多种方式实现。

为了保持昼夜节律的稳定性,所有多相睡眠时程的主段或暗期时间都不能有太大的变化,必须每天保持相对的一致性。因此,非24小时周期的时程是不可持续的,更是不健康的。这方面的例子包括周期超过24小时(不断推迟睡眠阶段),或是每天采用完全不同的睡眠时程。

睡眠量下限

由于必要睡眠阶段一般不能被减少,所以随着总睡眠时间的减少,维持一个时程所需的压缩程度也会急剧增加。然而,压缩睡眠是需要适应的,而更大程度的压缩则需要更严厉和/或更长的适应时间。因此,时程可以根据其睡眠减少的程度进行适应难度的分类。

值得注意的是,年轻人的大脑和身体仍在发育,比成年人需要更多的SWS和REM,这会增加他们的睡眠量下限,使减少睡眠更加困难。此外,NREM2被认为在大脑发育中可能带有其他功能,因此削减NREM2可能会对发育有潜在的问题。

年龄 建议最低睡眠量
<16 7.5小时
16-18 6小时
18-21 5小时
>21 4小时

为了防止对健康产生不良影响,我们建议将睡眠在任何时候都保持在这些限度以上。必要睡眠阶段的必要性也意味着某些时程,像是Uberman或Dymaxion等等,因为其总睡眠时间低于大多数人所需的必要睡眠时间,对大多数人来说是无法实现的。

以下是以一个典型的睡眠者有8小时的单相睡眠及正常的SWS和REM水平为假设,按难度对时程作出的基本分类:

难度 时程示例 TST范围 睡眠削减量 备注
简单 二相X,E1-延长,Siesta-延长,分割-延长 7-8小时 <1小时 推荐给新手或需要大量弹性的人。
中等 E1,E2,E3-延长,Siesta,DC1,Triphasic-延长,分割, DC1-延长 5-6小时 1-2小时 需要一个体面的适应过程,但适应后可以有相当的弹性。
困难 E3,DC2 4-5小时 2-3小时 需要苛刻的适应过程,对大多数人来说不是特别灵活 。
非常困难 DC3,Bimaxion,三相 4-5小时 2-3小时 因为它们在SWS高峰期间中没有较长的主段,因此被认为比“困难”的更难。
极度困难 E4,E3-缩短,Uberman,Dymaxion <4小时 >4小时 被认为对大多数人来说是不可能的。

睡眠段落长度

多相时程上的睡眠主要分为主段睡眠小睡

主段是指至少包含一個完整的睡眠週期的長睡眠塊。它們通常被設置為90分鐘的倍數,即使常見的睡眠週期長度。然而,其他主段長度可以用來配合別的週期長度或加設獲得額外SWS或REM的時間。因為主段睡眠提供維持生命所需的SWS,它們通常被認為是不可或缺的。因此,沒有主段的時程(即僅小睡時程)的成功率極低。

小睡是短暂的睡眠段落,在默认的时程中通常为20分钟左右。小睡可以让人获得少量的REM。此外,小睡有助睡眠者在主段睡眠之间保持清醒。较长的小睡(长达约45分钟,称为Pronap)可以被安排在黎明前后的REM高峰期中,以获得更多的REM睡眠。在一天中的其他时间安排较长的小睡可能会导致SWS觉醒,特别是在SWS不足较严重的时期,一些人可能特别难以醒来。

因为主段有足够的时间来完成充满SWS的睡眠周期,主段睡眠在夜间进行为佳。对大多数人来说,由于各种社会义务,主段也比较容易安排在晚上。小睡则在白天进行为佳,因为更深的睡眠阶段不太可能出现。在适应之后,小睡可以相对有弹性,而主段则更难移动。

一致性

在适应过程中,大多数多相时程(非缩减性时程除外)都是严谨的,也就是说,睡眠时程必须非常稳定,不能有跳过睡眠、移动睡眠时间、睡眠不足或睡过头的情况。如果你的生活安排使你不可能每天都遵循所计划的睡眠时程,那么你将无法适应它。但是一两次小的失误应该不会对你的适应造成太大损害。然而,随着错误的积累,你就越不可能适应。因此,有必要未雨绸缪,避免这些错误。根据睡眠时程仔细安排你的生活,以及设置适当的闹钟,避免睡过头。

时程类别

自古以来,人类遵循的时程主要有两种:晚上有两个长的睡眠,中间有一个醒来的间隙的分割睡眠,以及晚上一个长的睡眠,下午一个短的睡眠的Siesta。当然,古人的时程安排更加灵活,因此很可能比目前的标准时程有更长的总睡眠时间。目前大多数多相睡眠时程都是从单相睡眠以及上述两种历史上常见的时程演变而来的。

二相时程的类别以上述的两个历史上的多相时程,以及可以被认为是Siesta的变体的E1而构成。

Everyman时程的类别是通过去除单相睡眠结束时的睡眠周期,并增加小睡来弥补失去的REM和维持清醒而形成的。

双主段时程的类别也是如此,只不过它使用分割睡眠代替单相睡眠。

几十年来,多相睡眠社群已经开发了几种已知道有效的时程类别。

时程类别 说明 备注
二相 两次睡眠 通常被认为最简单,常被推荐给新手尝试。
Everyman 一次主段睡眠和两次或以上的小睡
双主段 两次主段睡眠和一次或以上的小睡
三主段 三次主段睡眠
仅小睡 没有主段,小睡次数无限制 对于大多数人来说无法实行。
实验性质 不属于以上类别的时程 由于可行性的证据不足,通常不建议新手进行尝试。